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5. Intellectual and cultural developments and their relationship to social values and political events. -Johann Gutenberg (movable type) 1454 Around 1454, Johann Gutenberg created the movable type along with Johann Fust and Peter Schoffer. Through this intellectual and cultural development in the society, a great amount of texts could be printed by rearranging the pieces of type. As paper was not hard to acquire in the middle of the fifteenth century, more and more Europeans began to use the type to print texts. This development changed the private and public lives of the Europeans. Gutenberg’s creation helped the society both socially and politically for it created new beliefs as the printing of texts led to the creation of a Bible and helped the government communicate with their subjects and declare war. The earliest books and pamphlets printed were religious, but appealed to Europeans of all ages which led to them learning new ideas and values. The advancements of printing also allowed the people to know about religious ceremonies or political events that they could not attend. The books produced through this type brought social connections as illiterate listeners could hear and learn new things when read to them. This development significantly helped the society to attain new values such as religion and led to political events that happened through the type created by Gutenberg. MLA: McKay, John P. __A History of Western Society__. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003.